Post war Greece Essay Example for Free

Post war Greece Essay Benito Mussolini had expansionists policies in his Fascist regime in Italy. By the mid of 1940, Mussolini had started admiring Adolf Hitlers conquests and wanted to prove his counterpart, Hitler who was an Axis partner, that he too could lead Italy to success in war. Italy took control over Albania in 1939. Italians invaded Greece after the Greek dictator whose name was I. Metaxas refused to honor Italian ultimatum demanding the occupation of Greek territory. The Greek counter attacked and forced the Italians out and even took control of Albania formerly under Italy. In April 1941, Germany started attacking Greece and the Italian army also resumed their attack to Greece. As a result, the Greece army started retreating back from Albania to avoid a possible cut off by the rapidly advancing Germany troops. On April 20th, the Greek army based at Epirus surrendered to their enemies,the Germans and on the 23rd the same month, the same was repeated now to include the Italians and thus bringing the war between Greece and Italy to an end. The Greek victory over the Italian offensive on October 1940 was the first victory of the second world war and this boosted the morale in the occupied Europe Italian soldiers came across the Greek border in the 28th day of October 1940 but Greek defenders who were more determined drove these invaders back in to Albania (McNail, 167). As the death of Metaxas came in January 1941, he had already undergone a transformation from unpopular dictator who was not admirable by the people in to a national leader liked by the people, by his defiance of Mussolini and to the people his death was a great loss. Hitler was forced to reluctantly divert the troops from Germany to go and rescue Mussolini from being defeated and as a result ended up attacking Greece through Bulgaria and Yugoslavia. In response, the Greek sought for assistance from the British, and assistance was given readily although Greeks kept insisting stubbornly to defend Macedonia and Thrace from attacks by the Germany invaders while the Greeces only hope was to strategically withdraw to a defensive line on a river south of Thessaloniki. Towards the end of May, the German troops had taken control over much of the land in Greece. Both the king and the government escaped to Crete and stayed here until the battle of Crete finally came to an end. From here, they transferred to Egypt where they established a government in exile while an establishment of a Nazi held puppet regime took place in Athens, Greece. Members of this regime were either conservatives or belonging to the nationalists but with fascist leanings. The three people who collaborated with the enemy were T. Georgis, K. Logothetopoulos and R. Ioannis. T. Georgis was the general who signed the armistice earlier with Wehrmacht, while Logothetopoulos had become naughty for having aimed to recruit juvenile volunteers to help in restrengthening the Germany army. On the other hand, R. Ioannis had a very notable achievement in that he saw to the creation of the security battalions for the collaborationists to protect those who supported the enemies. Greece greatly suffered very terrible privations during the second world war when the Germans took control of most of the Greeces agricultural production and also prevented the fishing fleets of Greece from operating. Following the Axis force occupation on the Greek land, a great famine struck in the year 1941 and 1942 because of the blockade by the British naval and also due to the fact that Germany soldiers had seized the crops. Due to hunger and other associated effects of famine, several thousands of Greeks died. AS a result, several resistance movements came up in the hilly and mountain regions and soon the Germans and those who supported them remained in control of only the major highways and the connected towns. The largest of the up coming group was the National Popular Liberation Army (the ELAS) which was under the control of the communists and a civil war soon broke out between the National popular liberation army and the non- communists uprising groups such as the national republican Greek league (the EDES) in the areas which had been liberated from the German troops. The royalist government set up in exile in Cairo was only intermittently keeping in touch with the resistant movement and this government in Cairo failed to appreciate how the monarchy set up in Greece had lost its popularity. The resistance of the Greeks people against invasion by the Italians had a great influence to the course the second world war took. Adolf Hitler would say that if Italy had not attacked Greece and needed Germany assistance, the world war would have taken a quite different course. What would be anticipated was the cold war in Russia by weeks, Moscow and Reningrad conquered and Stalingrad would not have existed. The need to occupy Greece, suppress partisans and defend Greece from Allied actions led Germany and Italy to drop much of their differences during the second world war. The Greek resistance ultimately necessitated collaboration between Germany and Italy. Due to political considerations, British forces were send to Greece from Middle East, and this was considered to be a major strategic mistake because that was a critical stage to divert military forces from Middle East. The British forces could not stop Germany invasion in Greece. Political disorder and the 1946-49 war in Greece In October 1944, German forces withdrew from Greece and the Greece government in exile came back to Athens. Then the ELAS guerrilla soldiers took control over most of the land in Greece with its leaders having an ultimate aim to control the whole country despite Stallins agreement that Greece would remain within the region of influence by the British after the war. Demonstrators from the Communist Athens ended in violence in early December 1944, and then followed a door to door battle with the British forces and the monarchist armies. Before a month had ended, the communists had been defeated and an unstable government of coalition was established. Continued tensions within this government led to a civil war in the year 1946. Greece was backed by Britain and later by the United States in terms of military support and economic aid. Between 1947 and 1948, the communist forces had conquered much of the Greece mainland and were able to move freely within the land. With the extensive material support from America and the reorganization, the Greek navy steadily took control over much of the mainland. Yugoslavia had to close her borders from the insurgent military in 1949 after it broke relationship with the Soviet Union. In 1949, a final offensive was launched by Marshal P. Alexander that forced the insurgents who were left back to flee across the border to the north in to the territories of the Greece neighbors or else they surrender. The civil war left about one hundred people killed and also resulted to major damages to the economy. More than twenty five thousand Greeks and many Macedonian Slavs were evacuated to the eastern bloc countries either by force or voluntarily while over seven hundred thousand people became internally displaced people in Greece and many more emigrated to, among other countries, Australia. This settlement after the war greatly expanded the Greece territory which had already started earlier in 1832. In 1947, a treaty in Paris was signed and it required Italy to surrender the Dodecanese islands to the Greece. These islands had the majority of inhabitants speaking Greece and were part of the last areas to be incorporated to the Greek state, except Cyprus which remained under possession of Britain until its independence later in 1960. Greeks ethnicity became more homogeneous after the war when more than twenty five thousand Albanians were expelled from Epirus. The remaining minorities of no significance were the Muslims in West Thrace and few Slavic speaking in the north. Greeks continued to claim more of the southern Albania where significant Greek population lived. Economic miracle for Greece: 1955-79) The Greek economic miracle implies the factual and impressive rate of social and economic development that occurred in Greece from the early of 1950s to the middle of the 1970s. The average rate of economic growth recorded between the year 1950 to 1973 was about seven percent which was the worlds second best after that of Japan in those times. The 1950s growth rate was the highest sometimes going above ten percent, almost nearing those of a modern tiger economy. This continued up to 1960s. The Greek people did not view it as a miracle because since the period after the war until the middle of the 1970s, it was a time of deep political divisions that resulted to military dictatorship between 1957 to 1964 and the Greeks did not see any positive economic change for this period of twenty years. Further more, growth initially only widened the economic gap between the few rich and the majority poor and this could only intensify political divisions. Between 1941 and 1944, the Axis occupation and the fighting with resistance groups had unexpected effects on the infrastructure and also on the Greeces economy. Given also that after the end of the first world war, Greece went in to civil war, its economy had drastically fallen by 1950. The Greece per capita income as a measure of its purchasing power fell, just like that of France, from 62 percent to about 40 percent in the year 1949 (Cranidlis, 97). Greece experienced a rapid recovery of its poor economic condition. This was as a result of a number of factors among them the stimulation from the Marshall plan, a fast devaluation of the Drachma, more foreign investments, significant industrial development especially the development of the chemical industry, development of the public services sector and development of tourism industry and a widespread construction activities coming as a result of enormous infrastructural project building and rebuilding in the Greek towns and cities. The construction activities are connected with the fast economic growth on the society and the development of its towns. This led to renewal of the urban through replacing the pleasant urban, consisting mainly of low rising houses and peoples homes, with a continuous set of concrete and block storey and skyscrapers in most key cities and towns. After 1950, economic growth consistently was better than that of many European countries in terms of annual growth. The only time there was economic stagnation was in the 1980s but it was counterbalanced when the Greek black economy evolved at the same time. The good economic performance made Greece advance its economy to enjoy a per capita income almost the same as that of other European Union partners like France and German (Krofas, 123). After end of the civil war, Greece sought to join hands with the western democracies by becoming a member of NATO in the year 1952. From this time to the late 1963, Greece was under conservative parties. In1964, the party called the Center Union led by George Papandreau was elected and remained in rule until July of 1965 before he was dismissed by king Constantine II, thereby resulting to a constitutional crisis. The fall of this government led to a series of coalition governments between the conservatives and rebel liberals. On April 1967, a group of colonels from the right wing seized power in a coup. They suppressed civil liberties , established special military courts and dissolved political parties. Thousands of political party opponents and those suspected to be communists were imprisoned or taken to exile to very remote Greek islands. United States was alleged to have supported junta and this caused the rise of anti- Americanism in the Greece during and immediately after the junta rule. However, the united states had already earned the animosity of communists in Greece long before. In 1974, a referendum resulted in abolishment of a monarchy and a new constitution was made and passed by the parliament on the 19th of June 1975. President T. Constantine was elected by parliament to head the republic. In the 1977 elections to the parliament, the New democracy party won for a second time with a majority seats. In 1980, Karamanlis who was the prime minister was elected to succeed T. Constantine as the president with George Rallis being elected as the prime minister to succeed Tsatsos. Greece joined the European Community, now called the European Union on 1st January 1981. It also elected the countrys first socialist government. In 1989, there were two rounds of parliamentary elections which both produced coalition governments that were weak and had limited mandates. Party leaders held back their support for those governments and elections were once again held in April. The new democracy party led by Constantine Mitsotakis won. In 1992, Samaras formed his own party after being fired from the position of a cabinet minister for Foreign affairs. He called the party the Political Spring. As a result of this division, the New democracy government collapsed and when new elections were held in September 1993, Papandreou returned to power. Papandreou resigned on January 17th of 1996 due to a protracted illness. He was then replaced as the countrys prime minster by the former minister of trade and industry by the name, Costas Simitis who consecutively won the elections in 1996 and also in 2000 before retiring in 2004. His successor was George Papandreou as PASOK leader. In March 2004, elections were held and New Democracy under the leadership of Costas Karamanlis who was a nephew to the former president saw the victory over the PASOK. Instead of waiting for normal elections that should have been held in March the year 2008, the government called for elections in September 2007 and the New Democracy once again won the majority vote in the parliament. Due to this repeated defeat, the PASOK underwent a party election in search of a new leader that saw Mr. Georgis Papandreau re-election as the party leader of the Socialist Party in Greece. Review of Economic Literature It is important to review the economic thoughts from both the Greek and the American writers and compare them in the perspective of the economic reconstruction of Greece. A good approach would be first reviewing the economic thought in the 1930s and 1940s and then that of the American technical experts who were either in Greece based American embassy or in the AMAG. (Lincoln, 64). Reviewing the plans by Batsis, Valvaresos and Zolotas is also of importance to acquire a clear thought about the economic miracle and general development for the Greece from very poor to one of the worlds best economies. A scrutiny of what the exact agenda of the AMAG and other aids to develop the Greece economy was, is of importance in shining light in to this issue. Establishing whether there was any difference between the American economic experts working with the AMAG and Americans working in the American embassy to Greece in Athens in terms of priorities and the paths to reconstruction is felt to be essential. This way, most questions of much concern to economic historians will be answered well and also valuable material towards making reconstructions in the history of economics will be unearthed, especially for the post second world war period in Greece The depression of economy in the whole world led the default in Greece in the year 1932and afterwards to the introduction of a quite successful system. The gross domestic product was 510 million dollars in the year 1931, then dropped to 330 million dollars in the year 1932, remained at the same stable low level in 1934 at 340 million dollars and drastically rose in the subsequent years of 1934 at 490 million dollars, 1935 at 510 million dollars and 1936 at 550 million dollars. Despite the economic success, the poor remained miserable due to the falling prices and the problem of the merchant class which was used to free trade and had problem with coping in the new trade conditions of exchange controls. Most Greek economists concentrated on writing and analyzing the economic success of their country and did very little on questioning the actual role of the American Mission Aid for Greece that it played in uplifting the economic situation of Greece. The economists made numerous economic publications such as books, journals, treatises, periodicals among others. The interventionists were most influential and they had studies in Germany in 1920s to 1930s. These economists espoused a development theory stage to which the Greek government ought to take to speed up the rate of economic development. It was based on the fact that the economy of Greece could not rely on private initiative alone. Most of them remained hostile to abstract thinking and viewed the dirigiste policies world over as evidence of the validity of their thesis. The liberals viewed the historical present hitherto as a parenthesis and had a believe that the whole world including Greece economy ought to have an international economic corporation. The liberals also supported that it was necessary for the state to intervene and as a result they came up with a frame upon which the Greece government should act upon in a liberal economy. The Marxists viewed the crash of 1929 as evidence for capitalism break down. Particularly in Greece, the imperialism of the great powers and the kings rule were to be overthrown by mass action for socialism to be established.

The effect of technology on Human Resource recruitment

The effect of technology on Human Resource recruitment In every organization it is important to have a right person for the right job. Recruitment and Selection plays a major role in this situation. Use of new technology is putting considerable pressure on how employers Recruit and Select staff. Talent Acquisition is a process of discovering the sources of manpower to meet requirements of the staffing schedule and to employee effective measures for attracting that manpower in adequate numbers to facilitate effective selection of efficient personnel. STATEMENT OF PURPOSE Handling humans is at the heart of almost all real-life management problems. What it takes to succeed humans? Why humans are a resource and what makes them special? The purpose of this assignment is to bring out issues involved in the management of human resources (HRM), both from the existing theory as well as practice. The assignment will examine human at work and discuss different aspects which are basic to human motivation at work and in satisfying career objectives within organisations. HRM comprises of various issues right from recruitment-selection to performance appraisal, training and development of employees in organisation and opportunity for management provided by employee diversity. My objectives were to study the key processes and policies for which the company provides vital information. INTRODUCTION John Storey (1989) defined HRM as Set of interrelated policies with an ideological and philosophical underpinning. Storey (1995) defines HRM as a distinctive approach to employment management which s seeks to achieve competitive advantage through the strategic deployment of a highly c committed and capable workforce, using an array of cultural, structural and personnel t techniques. Sainsbury is a super market which will operates its business in retail sector from t the year 1869. Sainsbury is started by James and Mary Ann Sainsburys. in UK. It has many branches located throughout the country selling different range of products. Sainsbury control a much centralised Human Resources policy in which all decisions are taken by top management. The main objective of Sainsbury is to meet customer needs successfully and provide investors with good financial return. Sainsbury aims are to provide all colleagues right opportunities to develop their skills and are well rewarded for their contribution to the success of business. Sainsbury brand is built upon providing customers quality product at fair prices. Sainsbury store have a particular emphasis on fresh, healthy, safe and tasty food and continues launching new product for the customers. Sainsbury supermarket employs 150000 colleagues and with over 19 million customers are visiting stores each week. Sainsbury offer many products such as food, grocery and other household products. They sell other brand name products as well as Sainsbury brand product, which are often cheaper than other brand names. 1. RECRUITMENT AND SELECTION AT SAINSBURY: Sainsbury offers large numbers of job opportunities available in different stores. They looking for people with good customer skills but job are available in clerical, stockroom and technical rules. Flexible contract, term time contracts and dual contracts offer colleagues to work on hours basic. Job opportunities are advertised on in-store job board, in local newspaper and at job centre plus. Sainsbury opening new supermarkets and local and central stores in many towns creating job vacancies in advance, Sainsbury recruit staff two or more months before in order to allow staff training. RECRUITMENT FOR GRADUATES: Sainsbury recruit around 100 graduates colleagues every year and more than 70 work within stores. Graduates recruitment is conducted online ay Sainsbury graduate recruitment website. Graduates are trained in all aspect of store management under trainee management scheme. Under this training period they will work in all areas of store and later doing their jobs under manager supervision. Work experience offer to school students Sainsbury encourage school students to come our stores for work experience. These placement are organised at a local level. Work-experience student work in different department during their particular time. SAINSBURY SELECTION PROCESS: 1.The first method that they use is collection curriculum vitaes(C.V),letter of Applications and Applications forms from applicant. 2.Sainsbury would then shortlist applicant and is done by recruitment manager. This shortlist of applicant is done to meet criteria that they looking for, right person for the right job. 3.Next would be the interview stage. Interview is the main stage of selecting applicants. A number of question are designed to provide a deeper insight into candidates, An interview enables candidates to present their case of selection. It will show the difference between those who are good on paper and those who have good communication skills. 4.Suitable person is selected for the job. They would judge the applicants against the person specification. 2.TRAINING AND DEVELOPMENT The main purpose of training at Sainsburys are: Well trained workers will be more useful. This will help the business in increasing profit as well as achieving companys objectives. Creates a more flexible workforce It would lead to job satisfaction The attitude of the workers would be improved and therefore the image of the company and employees will feel better and more relaxed if they are trained before hand. The employee would reach their potential and the business will be profiting as well as the employee. STORE CONSTRUCTION: To prevent any kind of environmental impact caused during store construction, Sainsbury property services department works clearly with local environmental health officers to ensure that store construction creates less disruption as possible. An average of 30 weeks is taken to complete the store construction which is currently an industry best and reducing the period when local nuisance is caused. Supervisor is appointed for health and safety legislation projects. The supervisor makes sure that contractors follow procedures aimed at avoiding:-  · nuisance caused by noise, dust and smoke;  · water pollution;  · unnecessary damage to flora, fauna and archaeological features;  · Poor waste management SENIOR MANAGEMENT TRAINING Senior management training is focused to meet the business and individual needs. Through promotion, external recruitment and training, senior management capabilities can developed. Through running training courses Sainsbury aims to achieve specific benefits and training needs restructuring if these benefits are not achieved. Training and development helps Sainsbury to improve quality and service and therefore productivity can b raised. Training increases the individual motivation and creates flexibility around the workforce. INVESTORS IN PEOPLE(IIP) IIP is a national standard supported by the department for education and skills. Sainsbury became the first major food retailer to achieve Corporate Investors in people recognition. This followed a three-year programme involving 450 assessment covering 13500 Sainsbury colleagueship recognition is a unique achievement that gained from the bottom up rather than the top down. Almost every unit that makes up Sainsbury supermarket went through the process individually. Company that has been recognised by IIP is capable in adopting and implementing its four fundamental principles:- Promise to improve all employees to achieve business goals and targets; Regularly reviewing training and development needs in the context of the business; Taking relevant action to meet training and development needs throughout Peoples employment; Evaluating outcomes of training and development for individuals and the Organisation as a basis for continuous improvement 3.DIVERSITY AT SAINSBURY:- In 2004/05,Sainsbury introduced a diversity management website on internet. This site was introduced to guide about managing faith and belief, disability management and guidance on local commodity recruitment. The site is planned to help all colleagues gain more awareness of other people needs. We talk about equality and diversity policy at training to all colleagues and deliver written guidance to managers on equal opportunities and recruitment of disabled colleagues. This year Sainsbury using Disability Confident which is a new learning means to help colleagues in our stores move beyond disability awareness to become more confident in dealing with disability. Colleagues can report discrimination or harassment through our fair treatment and complaint procedure. Sainsbury began to develop plans to target older workers. It introduced retirement plan pension protection mechanisms. Full payment is received if anybody recruited until their 65th birthday. In application form age has been removed and its requested for monitoring purposely only. Mixed age workforce has led to improved customer satisfaction by perfectly reflecting the profile of their customer. Sainsburys diversity and equality policies are an important part of their business plan. All diversity and equality are anticipated to add value to improve both customer services and sales. Flexibility in covering holidays has improved as different religious festivals are spread out across the year. A calendar of religious festivals has been produced and displayed in stores. (Sainsburys case study from age positive campaign) http;//www.efa-agediversity.org.uk/case-studies/index.htm Employers forum on age case studies of employers who have adopted approaches based on the principles of age diversity 4.PERFORMANCE MANGEMENT Performance Management Performance Management is a means of getting better results from the company, individuals and teams by understanding and managing performance within an agreed framework of planned goals, standards and competence requirements. Performance Management is very crucial at Sainsburys. Sainsburys manage the performance of its employees effectively so as to remain competitive in the market. At Sainsburys, various techniques are used to know how well individual employees doing their responsibility and for the managers to be able to monitor how well they are carrying out. Performance monitoring provides information which is of value for identifying future training or promotion opportunities and areas where insufficient skills or knowledge could be judged as a threat to an employees efficiency. Managers exercise control at organisation and individual level through: planning by setting objectives and targets creating performance standards observing actual performance Comparing performance against targets correcting mistakes and taking action Management by Objectives The process described above contributes to management by objectives, in which the performance of the individual and Sainsburys is regularly being measured against objectives and targets which have been set by managers and employees. Objectives at Sainsburys are determined through discussions between managers and employees. This method will involve both a top-down and a bottom-up style. The manager at Sainsburys presents the corporate objectives and the individuals and team members then state what they feel can be achieved. The objectives are more likely to be successful if they are: Specific Measurable Agreed Realistic Time-related CONCLUSION This assignment emphasis on the importance of human resource management process prevailing Sainsburys. This assignment also gives the outlook how the organisation remain competitive in the market. Brief introduction of all processes is the following RECRUITMENT AND SELECTION PROCESS Recruitment is the process of inviting people in the organisation. Caliber of its manager and workforce is the key to the success and failure of the organisation. The selection is rejecting or arranging of people. Selection tends to be negative because good percentage of people is rejected. The selection process differs from company to company but it should meet the requirement of the job. Sainsburys has a very well recognised Recruitment and Selection process for both the managers and the employees. It uses such selection process so that they can access each aspect of the people that is significant for doing job. In sainsburys HR department gives the criteria for selecting employees. TRAINING AND DEVELOPMENT Sainsburys has designed its own system of analysing the training needs for their employees. Training system is divided into two catagories: Task Analysis: Training for new employees Performance Analysis: Training for existing employees. Training Methods: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ On the Job Training à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Off the Job Training à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Stimulated Training Training Tools: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Audio-visual Tools `à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Programmed Learning à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Lectures à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Informal Training RECOMMENDATION I would suggest to Sainsburys introducing some new products which will give to a company a comparative advantage over their challengers. Sainsburys would be an opening of local shops located in the city centre rather than on the outskirts of the city. Customers frequently choose local shops rather than supermarkets to save time and money if they do not need large purchase, because undoubtedly in large stores often they purchase more than actually have planned. At Sainsburys, human resources management is the most important department. The right quantity of labour, skills of employees and degree of motivation. To understand if Sainsbury are competively compared to their rivals, they need to compare their prices of product with that of rivals. A way of finding out rivals information is by going undercover. A member of the Sainsbury staff could visit rivals supermarket like Asda, Tesco and note the prices that are charged for the same product that Sainsbury selling. If the prices is cheaper for that particular product that Sainsbury selling then Sainsburys have to cut down the prices for that particular product. If the prices are higher at Tesco than Sainsbury for that product, are ahead in competition over Tesco. The human resources management department at Sainsburys control the workforce and see how they perform. A poor workforce in terms of lazy workers could result in low output. Mayos theory, working in team is virtually important for Sainsburys and creates friendly environment which can increase companys profit. The human resource department get the workforce and main problem after that is keeping them happy. Rivals may look for Sainsburys existing employees by offering them better pay and promotion. The HRM department at Sainsburys should be more alert of this problem and may offer their employees more pay and promotion in order to keep existing employees. If promotion or better pay offered to employees then he/she would feel important to business. HRM needs to safeguard that Sainsbury employees right quality and quantity workers. HRM department at Sainsburys have to plan in advanced, if a manager is leaving in near future than advance planning for recruitment, interviewing and selection is important in order to safeguard department not to get suffered and business not to be affected by a member of staff leaving. Maslow theory, pay may have something to do with the employees being dissatisfied. At Sainsburys, if labour turnover is high, then is regarded as a failure by the HRM department. If labour turnover is low then is regarded as a success by the HRM department. To analyse absenteeism rate is also important. HRM seeks to ensure that absenteeism is low. High absenteeism caused lack of commitment, poor motivation and poor management by the HRM. Maintaining 100% service levels as the online business grows Sainsburys is now operating with high service levels. Even so, there is still some room for improvement to ensure that all orders are delivered in full and on time. There are a few ways in which Sainsburys could further still improve service levels; however, the law of diminishing returns would come into play at this stage and so investment would need to be able to provide definite improvements. Also, the online business is growing at a rapid rate, ahead of overall market growth. Picking such large orders from stores during busy periods could become an issue httpHYPERLINK http://www.oracle.com/us/corporate/analystreports/corporate/ovum-sainsbury-cs-170835.pdf://www.oracle.com/us/corporate/analystreports/corporate/ovum-sainsbury-cs-170835.pdf

Another Chance Of Life Essay -- essays research papers

Another Chance of Life Can there be another you? The answer is no, but by human cloning you can reproduce an offspring that grows into an exact genetically double of you. All of us want to prolong the lives of our loved ones and have a healthy newborn baby. Many infertility couples wanted to have a baby that is genetically theirs, not from adopting a child from a different family background. In the cloning technology, eggs or sperms would not be needed to be conceived by a person because any cell would do. One parent contributes DNA, making the child almost an identical twin. He or she would differ from the parents much more than identical twins differ from each other. In many parts of the world, human cloning is banned. For example, Canada's new Human Reproductive and Genetics Technologies Act made it illegal to clone human embryos, research on human embryos later than 14 days after conception, and the creation of embryos for research purposes alone. This act will make it more difficult for the estimated 280,000 infertile couplesin Canada to obtain domestic assistance in having a genetic child of their own. Human cloning should not be banned because it has many promising benefits to infertility couples and to the basic research for treatment of various diseases. Most people would not want to clone themselves. Those people think a human clone resembles the person it is made from. The genes do not form our character and so identical twins would never get 100 percent ident...

Privacy of Personal Information on the Internet Essay -- French France

Privacy of Personal Information on the Internet United States Policy Living in the United States has its advantages. We are afforded many opportunities that are unavailable or unheard of in other countries. We maintain a limited right to privacy in the areas of education, marriage, procreation, contraception etc. In certain instances, government officials are allowed to watch, listen, search and/or seize a person's personal information. Warrants are usually needed in order to gain this type of information. The Bill of Rights states the provisions to our right of privacy. The Fourth Amendment is the right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched. French Republic Policy The right to privacy is implicit to the French Constitution. The French Republic has had many acts regarding the privacy issues of its citizens. The growing popularity of the Internet has made it necessary to include the Internet in these acts. In 1994, the Constitutional Court ruled that the Data Protection Act In 1978 a Data Protection Act was brought into law to protect personal information of private parties and government agencies. Registration and permissions were needed in order to process personal data. Individual parties had the right to access, demand corrections and sometimes deletion about the information being kept on them. Violators of this act faced imprisonment and/or fines. Modifications to Act In 2003, revisions began to be made of the Data Protection Act. The new law would increase ... ...he portal that hosted the racial sites, the plaintiff was able to single out one French Citizen who also hosted the site. It is like picking a needle out of the hay sack. Which in this case didn’t seem to be that hard. Sources [1] Cedric Laurant, Electronic Privacy information Center, 2003, [2] Cedric Laurant, Electronic Privacy information Center, 2003, [3] Richard A. Spinello, CyberEthics: Morality and Law in Cyberspace Second Edition (Massachusetts: Jones and Bartlett Publishers, 2003) 85. [4] Sara Baase, A Gift of Fire Second Edition (New Jersey: Pearson Education, Inc., 2003) 36-80, 141-186. [5] Steve McConnell, Software Project Survival Guide (Washington: Microsoft Press, 1998) 8.

Arthur Koestlers Darkness At Noon :: essays research papers

Arthur Koestler: ‘Darkness at Noon’ Revolutionary and political ethics ‘Darkness at Noon’ is the second novel of a trilogy, which revolves around the central theme of revolutionary ethics, and of political ethics in general: the problem whether, or to what extent, a noble ends justifies ignoble means, and the related conflict between morality and expediency. The theme of the novel relates to the ever-present predicament faced by the leaders of any political party or revolutionary movement, from the slave revolt in the first century to the Old Bolsheviks of the nineteen thirties. Revolutionary ethics or the issues faced in revolutionary movements are timeless, and as an incentive to writing his novel, Arthur Koestler was troubled by this theory, and also by the regime of terror that was governed by Stalin this century. This issue of whether a noble end justifies ignoble means is the revolutionary predicament that Koestler refers to, and was the question that he aspired to resolve. From the sixth hour until the ninth hour darkness came over all the land. About the ninth hour Jesus cried out in a loud voice, ‘Eloi, Eloi, lama sabachthani?’ – which means, “My God, My God, why have you forsaken me?’ (Matthew 27:45-46) Darkness at Noon is a fictional account of the truth behind the Stalinist State at the close of the infamous Moscow Show Trials in 1938, where forty-eight of the fifty-four on the executive of the Communist Party were dead. All members of the party knew that Lenin and Trotsky had been the real leaders of the Revolution and consequently they did not accept Stalin as the successor to Lenin. So accordingly, as Stalin was aware of the aspirations against him, as he consolidated power it became more dangerous to have known Lenin. The result of this was that over 70% of the Seventeenth Party Congress, which was held in 1934, had been arrested and executed; in Stalin’s opinion, these people had outlived their usefulness. Through the thoughts and actions of the main character, Nicolas Salmanovitch Rubashov, an Old Bolshevik, the Soviet politics between 1917 and the Stalin era were outlined. The party’s transformation disturbed Rubashov, as a member of the party, but he did not wish to be expelled, so he continued to work with the Party against his conscious. Rubashov did everything that was asked of him, and therefore in essence he was a loyal Party member.

Facebook Essay

Size of this preview: 336 ? 600 pixels. Other resolution: 134 ? 240 pixels. Full resolution ? (434 ? 775 pixels, file size: 34 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) This is a file from the Wikimedia Commons. Information from its description page there is shown below. Commons is a freely licensed media file repository. You can help. DescriptionAn Essay concerning Humane Understanding in four books (1690) by John Locke (1632-1704) Date2005-12-03 (original upload date) SourceOriginally from de. wikipedia; description page is/was here.AuthorOriginal uploader was Olaf Simons at de. wikipedia Permission (Reusing this file) This image is in the public domain. Other versions [edit]Licensing This image (or other media file) is in the public domain because its copyright has expired. This applies to Australia, the European Union and those countries with a copyright term of life of the author plus 70 years. You must also include a United States public domain tag to indicate why this work is in the public d omain in the United States.Note that a few countries have copyright terms longer than 70 years: Mexico has 100 years, Colombia has 80 years, and Guatemala and Samoa have 75 years, Russia has 74 years for some authors. This image may not be in the public domain in these countries, which moreover do not implement the rule of the shorter term. Cote d'Ivoire has a general copyright term of 99 years and Honduras has 75 years, but they do implement the rule of the shorter term.This file has been identified as being free of known restrictions under copyright law, including all related and neighboring rights. File history Click on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. Date/TimeThumbnailDimensionsUserComment current22:32, 1 September 2010434 ? 775 (34 KB)JuTaigher resolution from de:Datei:Locke Essay 1690. jpg uploaded by de:user:Olaf Simons at 2005-12-03 23:22:27 local time with comment (John Locke, 1632-1704. An Essay concerning Humane Understanding in four books (Londo n: Printed for Tho.Basset, a 08:55, 15 August 2009396 ? 732 (54 KB)Jack Merridewslight rotation to fix look; fixed a few speckles, too 15:33, 25 April 2007396 ? 734 (148 KB)W. C. Minor{{Information |Description=An Essay concerning Humane Understanding in four books (1690) by John Locke (1632-1704) |Source=Originally from [http://de. wikipedia. org de. wikipedia]; descripti File usage The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): An Essay Concerning Human Understanding Essay Facebook Essay In 2004 a 20-year-old man named Mark Zukerberg created a phenomenon that involves over 500 million people in this world. In fact today, there are more people on Facebook, than there were on the planet 200 years ago. Zukerberg created this website not knowing that it would become this popular to the world. The concept of Facebook that Mark Zukerberg envisioned is viewed positively and negatively throughout the world. Facebook is always described as a place to make connections. Every person that you accept as a friend can see what you are doing on your profile.This is used to make connections with your friends that you may not have realized before. This could include adding your favorite movie; all of your friends then know what it is and can agree/disagree with your choice. Facebook is a place that makes it easy and efficient to connect with your friends, whether they live 5 miles or 5 hundred miles away. Some say you can do this by Instant Messaging, video chatting, e-mailing or writ ing letters. All of those options are true but what makes Facebook so popular is that you can do all of those things in one place to so many different people at once.For family that you do not see often, you can post pictures to show them what you have been doing. In the same place you can write them a note or video chat with them. The reason Zuckerbergs site became so popular so fast is because people want one place where they have many options of things to do. Another advantage to Facebook is the grouping it creates. You can create or join a group that states a common interest. People go into the group to talk about this interest, share ideas, and events about that interest.For example, last year my whole senior class planned a trip together. It would have been impossible to make this happen over texting or the phone so instead we used Facebook. Everyone could post ideas about what we should do and where we should go in this group. When someone posts everyone else can comment back saying what he or she thinks about that specific post. Some people join Facebook if they are famous or looking to become famous. They can post their latest projects there and all of their fans can comment, like, and share what the artist put up.This allows many different people to see it and show it to their friends so the artist can become more popular, especially if they are new. Mark Zuckerberg is the kid who created an online empire without even trying. In his 2010 interview in The New Yorker, Mark Zuckerberg is portrayed as a person who does not indulge with all of the money he has. It says that on his Facebook page his interests include â€Å"Minimalism,† â€Å"Revolutions,† and â€Å"Eliminating Desire. † He also states in a Facebook status that he does not own a TV. I think this goes to show what kind of person he is.He has had the same girlfriend, now wife, since college and they do not live in an over-luxurious home like most billionaires do. At 12 ye ars old, Zuckerberg created a simple version of what is now Instant Messenger for his fathers dental business and his own home. In his New Yorker interview, the author Jose Antonio Vargas says, â€Å"In all of our talks, the most animated Zuckerberg ever got—speaking with a big smile, almost tripping on his words, his eyes alert—was when he described his youthful adventures in coding. † I think this perfectly shows how innocently Zuckerberg views his programming and making websites.He really just enjoys it, not for the money or the fame but for the love of programming. In the world today you can find many critics of Facebook and of Mark Zuckerberg. I do not think people take enough time to look at the positives and the amazing online world that Zuckerberg created. It is interesting to see how many of the â€Å"haters† of Facebook are actually on it. Considering about 1 of every 13 people is on Facebook currently, I would suspect many people who speak nega tively couldn’t get off of it. Work Cited Vargas, Jose Antonio. The Face of Facebook. The New Yorker, 2010. Facebook Essay Size of this preview: 336 ? 600 pixels. Other resolution: 134 ? 240 pixels. Full resolution ? (434 ? 775 pixels, file size: 34 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) This is a file from the Wikimedia Commons. Information from its description page there is shown below. Commons is a freely licensed media file repository. You can help. DescriptionAn Essay concerning Humane Understanding in four books (1690) by John Locke (1632-1704) Date2005-12-03 (original upload date) SourceOriginally from de. wikipedia; description page is/was here.AuthorOriginal uploader was Olaf Simons at de. wikipedia Permission (Reusing this file) This image is in the public domain. Other versions [edit]Licensing This image (or other media file) is in the public domain because its copyright has expired. This applies to Australia, the European Union and those countries with a copyright term of life of the author plus 70 years. You must also include a United States public domain tag to indicate why this work is in the public d omain in the United States.Note that a few countries have copyright terms longer than 70 years: Mexico has 100 years, Colombia has 80 years, and Guatemala and Samoa have 75 years, Russia has 74 years for some authors. This image may not be in the public domain in these countries, which moreover do not implement the rule of the shorter term. Cote d'Ivoire has a general copyright term of 99 years and Honduras has 75 years, but they do implement the rule of the shorter term.This file has been identified as being free of known restrictions under copyright law, including all related and neighboring rights. File history Click on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. Date/TimeThumbnailDimensionsUserComment current22:32, 1 September 2010434 ? 775 (34 KB)JuTaigher resolution from de:Datei:Locke Essay 1690. jpg uploaded by de:user:Olaf Simons at 2005-12-03 23:22:27 local time with comment (John Locke, 1632-1704. An Essay concerning Humane Understanding in four books (Londo n: Printed for Tho.Basset, a 08:55, 15 August 2009396 ? 732 (54 KB)Jack Merridewslight rotation to fix look; fixed a few speckles, too 15:33, 25 April 2007396 ? 734 (148 KB)W. C. Minor{{Information |Description=An Essay concerning Humane Understanding in four books (1690) by John Locke (1632-1704) |Source=Originally from [http://de. wikipedia. org de. wikipedia]; descripti File usage The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): An Essay Concerning Human Understanding Essay

Moral Values Essay

The fabric of any society is held together by the standards of morality that we maintain and practice. Values are our personal set of beliefs about what is important, unimportant, right, wrong, good and bad. When we are confronted by choices, options, or moral dilemmas, the decisions we make will indicate what values we hold. Human values give worthiness and respect to life. The foundation of human values are based on  · Dignity of human life  · Respect and consideration for the â€Å"other†  · The importance of integrity and service  · An attitude of non-violence  · The individual and collective quest for peace and happiness. In other words, values are a kind of a map in our minds of how things are or should be. Values are only our perception of the principles of nature that govern our lives or the universe, and not these principles themselves. People think that there should be a specific set of principles protecting and governing all human beings. However, others b elieve that values can be accepted in one culture and rejected in another culture. This idea is based on the belief that moral principles differ across cultures. Our moral values are our beliefs about what is important in life. Some values refer to how one should act (be honest, altruistic, self-disciplined) while other values refer to what one wants to accomplish or obtain in life (a lot of money, fame, a family, friendships, world peace). Because a person cannot â€Å"have it all† or â€Å"be all things,† priorities must be set and choices made. Setting your priorities often leads to value conflicts. We may want to be successful in your career, but we may also want a more relaxing lifestyle and more time to spend with friends and family. Here, the value of success may come into conflict with the value of family. Some examples of moral values are: integrity, respect, caring, justice, civic virtue, and openness. Anyway I am worried about the fact that our society is in moral decline. Morality is a very broad and complicated topic due to the fact that it is based primarily on individual opinions. Moral values constantly change with the generations. However, most people would agree that today’s moral values are more tolerant of behaviour that, a generation ago, would have been considered obscene and immoral. For example, sex on television is accepted by today’s public as normal, but until the 1980s one could hardly say the  word â€Å"sex† on television without being condemned. Yes, our society is currently in a rapid decline of moral values. Judging by current statistics, all that once was immoral is now considered moral. It seems as though people have lost their conscience and are now controlled by their surroundings. The majority of youth all over the world know very little about Moral Values. Very often the behaviour of children in society proves that moral values are hardly even a subject of importance. Today, the violence and crimes often occur when a troubled teen or a fragile child cannot handle the pressure and stress of reality. The influential factor of violence spreads so easily; a child finds this influence simply by turning the television set on. In fact, any news channel unfortunately shows the actions of teenagers committing the violent act of murder without any remorse. All of this animosity and chaos within children begin with not knowing the difference between the right and the wrong. But something should be done. The positive influence of religion, education, and peers greatly effect a child’s manner and behaviour. Traditional values and important lessons from these sources certainly help a child to understand the distinction between right and wrong choices in life. An important value for children to be aware of is the benefit of religion. The church teaches children to accept the existence of a being higher than man and gives a child the possibility to learn the moral values the way the Bible presents them. By understanding the responsibility of choice making, young people learn to think about the consequences or aftermath of their decision. Religion serves as a foundation for knowing the difference between the right and the wrong. The involvement of religion better prepares children for certain difficulties in life. The value of education is an important tool that induces the growth of young people to a more sophisticated level. Education builds knowledge and integrity into the minds of children. School also guides children away from trouble; with essays and math problems, a child has no time for trouble. Parents must emphasize the importance of education to their children. Education strengthens the capabilities of the youth. A child becomes a better individual when he experiences the goodness of church, education, and  friendship; that is the relevancy of values and lessons. In order for the nation to minimize crime, the children of this generation must reevaluate their choices and responsibilities in life. They also need the assistance of parents and teachers for guidance through the tough reality of today’s decision making. The aim should be to produce morally viable, responsible individuals and not scholars. Sadly today the virtues like honesty, integrity and respect are considered old fashioned. There has been gradual erosion in these values. The growing crime rate among the children in the developed nations is a good instance of lack of moral values. Whenever and wherever preference is given to materialism over moral values, it leads to total chaos. No one can be at peace, be it an individual, a community, a nation, or the whole world. Moral education is not something that can be imposed on someone from outside; rather it is a way of life. Fast changing society has its special problem – old social structures go away and replaced by new ones. Hence the old moral values get into the clash with the new ones, and this is not a clash of different social groups, this is a clash inside one person. Market based society, which by its nature breaks boundaries between individuals, creating more opportunities, creates moral problems. As a result – there are two sets of contradicting moral values in the person’s mind and there is no balance. These are the examples – changing relationship between sexes, between employer and employee leading to the internal conflict of moral values. It is matter of great concern and regret that today upbringing means providing good food, clothes and luxuries of life only. Moral values are no longer an integral part of a child’s rearing up. Some years back, grand parents provided moral education to grand children in the form of bedtime stories. But with the advent of nuclear families, moral education has become the responsibility of the educational institutions. But it should be the responsibility of the parents to bring out the best and divine in their child. There is no more powerful creature for a child than parents. The system of learning and adaptation to the life and society in particular is based on hungry absorption by kids of behavioural patterns and ideas from parents. Parents share subconsciously and freely with their kids all they know up to the point, when kids get problems. Actually it is very hard to limit voluntarily parental control, even harder to find the right balance. At least subconsciously, adults perceive their kids as a continuation of themselves. This perception produces protective and controlling behaviour, which kids need to survive and learn. However there is an important kid’s need which adults do not perceive – the need to learn how to make decisions and the need to make them. I mean real decisions, which carry serious consequences, decisions which adults make all the time, which no adult can avoid, and which adults do not want to avoid, because they are the essence of the life. Drugs and crime endanger the survival potential of youth and parents as well as educators. They endanger children’s future and threaten the very fabric of society. Drugs inevitably lead to ruined lives. Harmful actions and criminal behaviour bring unhappiness, and not just for the victim but the perpetrator as well. In today’s world, teaching youth the difference between right and wrong is not just a good idea, it is a vital action that directly relates to the survival potential and happiness of children and society. As an educator and one who truly cares about the well-being and future of our children parents really have an opportunity to help young people steer away and stay away from lives of drugs and crime. A little reflection will show that most of great men were great because they were more humane than the rest of us. With total chaos and dwindling moral values, and a mad rush for material comforts, it has become clear that it is only moral education that can bring solace to the otherwise tormented soul.